The flow of two-dimensional drops suspended in an INCLINED channel is studied by numerical simulations at non-zero Reynolds numbers. The flow is driven by the acceleration due to gravity, and there is no pressure gradient in the flow direction. The equilibrium position of a drop is studied as a function of the Reynolds number, the Capillary number, the inclination angle and the density ratio. It is found that the drop always lags the undisturbed flow. More deformable drops reach a steady state equilibrium position that is farther away from the channel floor. For drops that are heavier than the ambient fluid, the equilibrium position moves away from the channel floor as the Reynolds number is raised. The same trend is observed when the inclination angle with respect to horizontal direction increases. The behavior agrees with computational modeling of chute flow of granular materials. A drop that is lighter than the ambient fluid reaches a steady state equilibrium position closer to the channel floor when the Reynolds number or inclination angle increases. Simulations of 40 drops in a relatively large channel, show that drops move away from the channel floor when the density ratio is larger than unity.

The current article has investigated unsteady convective flow for MHD non-Newtonian Powell-Eyring fluid embedded porous medium over INCLINED permeable stretching sheet. We have pondered the thermophoresis parameter, chemical reaction, variable thermal conductivity, Brownian motion, variable heat source and variable thermal radiation in temperature and concentration profiles. Using similar transformation, the PDEs are converted by couple ODEs and solve by R– K– Fehlberg 4th– 5th order method. The physical features of nondimensional radiation parameter, non-Newtonian fluid parameters, suction /injection parameter, mass Grashof number porosity parameter, temperature ratio parameter, thermal Grashof number, Biot number of temperature and Biot number of concentration have been analyzed by plotting the graphs of graphical representations of momentum, heat, and mass profiles. Cf Re 1/2, Nu Re x-1/2 and Sh Re x-1/2 have been analyzed. The transfer rate of temperature is decreased whereas the flow rate offluid grows with an enhancement in (K) and (Gr). The transfer rate of the temperature is distinctly boosted whereas the fluid flow rate is distinctly declined with an enhancement in (M), (Kp).

Subsidence is an undesirable consequence of underground mining in many countries. It can cause environmental damage and harm SURFACE structures in the mine area. There are many methods for prediction of SURFACE subsidence due to mining activities. Prediction of subsidence due to INCLINED coal seam working is complicated for non-symmetric nature of the subsidence curve trough. In this research, a new two-conditional function is developed to predict non-symmetric curve of subsidence profile above an INCLINED long wall face. The results are compared to the subsidence profiles obtained from the Lizhuizi coalmine in China. The coefficient of deviations between calculated and measured data is 0.997. This comparison shows that mining subsidence can be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy using the proposed new method.    

Numerical solution for mixed convection combined with SURFACE radiation in an INCLINED channel containing three protruding heat sourcesis investigated in this article. This combinationre present printed circuit boards in electrical equipments. Air is assumed to be the working fluid which is laminar, steady, incompressible and thermally and hydrodynamicaly developing. Governing equations are discretized using the F. V. method in a staggered domain and simple algorithm is used to couple velocity and a pressure. Numerical results presented for temperature and velocity contribution and maximum temperature that occur in chips for different valuesof fan velocity as Reynolds number 150< Re< 1400 and heat generated in chips as Grashof number 1< Gr < 1.2x107 and channel installation angel 0 <f< 90. Main emphasis in this article is comparison between vertical and horizontal design of electrical equipments. According to results in natural convection regime maximum temperature decreases as channel angel increase from 0 to 90 but in forced convection regime, maximum temperature increases 30 centigrade.

Snake robots are hyper-redundant robots that are connected with one or two DOF joints. They offer a number of potential advantages beyond the capabilities of most wheeled and legged robots. In this paper, kinematics and dynamics of a planar multi-link snake robot in worm-like locomotion on an INCLINED SURFACE is investigated. In this locomotion, Snake robot is able to move in the vertical plane. Body shape and curvature function are used to determine the joint relative angles in accordance with the worm-like locomotion. Next, position, velocity and acceleration of each link as well as center of gravity of the snake body are calculated. Newton principle is used to derive the dynamic equations based on kinematics of the snake robot. Friction forces, as the only driving force is modeled using Coulomb friction. Effects of friction coefficient and angle of INCLINED SURFACE on the joint torques are investigated. It is shown that by increasing these coefficients the motor torques also increase. Webots software and Lagrangian method are both used to verify the theoretical results. Additionally, kinematics and dynamics equation presented in this paper may be used to generate other locomotions in vertical plane. Effect of link geometrical shape on motor torques is also investigated. Finally, FUM-Snake3 robot and physical experiments are used to further validate the mathematical model.

Background and Objective: The use of electromyography (EMG) parameters depends on their reliability. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of common EMG parameters recorded from muscles of lower extremity during walking on the stairs and an INCLINED SURFACE.Subjects and Methods: Fourteen healthy young males went up the stairs and an INCLINED SURFACE with normal speed and after 30s rest went down. This was repeated 5 times with 1 min intervals. At the same time, SURFACE EMG of rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and tibialis anterior muscles were recorded. In time domain, integrated EMG (IEMG) and root mean square of EMG (RMS), and in frequency domain, median frequency (MF) and mean power frequency (MPF) were calculated. Intra-class correlation coefficients and standard error of measurement for each parameter were calculated.Results: The average relative and normalized absolute reliability of iEMG and RMS were higher than MF and MPF. The average relative and normalized absolute reliability in going up were better than going down. In overall, there was no difference between the reliability of RMS and IEMG and also between MF and MPF.Conclusion: Differed reliability of EMG parameters in various movement conditions emphasizes the need to have reliability measures for all parameters of each muscle in conducting researches.

Drop motion on a solid SURFACE has many applications in science and engineering, such as in architecture, offshore structures, and electronics. The present paper aims to simulate the motion of a water droplet located on a hydrophobic INCLINED SURFACE and investigate its deformation rate using ANSYS FLUENT software. The sessile droplet subjected to uniform airflow can be shed depending on the value of drag and drop’s adhesion forces. In the present work, coupled level set and volume of fluid method are employed to estimate the motion of the interface. The effect of drop size, wind velocity, drop contact angle, and drop size on the location, velocity, and drop deformation is investigated. The results demonstrate that the drop is splashed as the contact angle decreases. The drop acceleration has an approximately constant trend at Reynolds numbers ranging from 8000 to 80,000. The maximum acceleration corresponds to the hydrophilic SURFACE and is equal to 0.9 m/s2. As the contact angle increases, the acceleration becomes constant. For instance, the drop acceleration is about -0.3 for a contact angle of 135°. The results reveal that the drop requires a longer time to reach the lowest point of the INCLINED SURFACE by decreasing its diameter and increasing SURFACE hydrophobicity and wind velocity. It is found that as SURFACE hydrophobicity increases, the drop reaches the bottom of the SURFACE in a long time in comparison with the deformed drop.